Ukweqa Ikhodi: Ukucacisa Incazelo Nokubaluleka Kokuphepha Kwe-IT
Ukuphepha kwe-IT sekube bucayi kakhulu endaweni yedijithali yanamuhla. Njengoba izinsongo ze-inthanethi zicashe kuwo wonke amagumbi, abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi bahlale befuna izindlela zokuvikela idatha yabo ebalulekile ekuphulweni nasekuhlaselweni. Kodwa kusho ukuthini ukuphepha kwe-IT? Futhi kungani ibaluleke kangaka?
Lesi sihloko sizocubungula ukuphepha kwe-IT futhi siveze incazelo nokubaluleka kwalesi sici esibalulekile sempilo yethu yedijithali. Sizohlola amasu namasu ahlukene asetshenziswa ukuze kuvikelwe idatha nezinhlelo futhi sikhanyisele imiphumela yezinyathelo zokuphepha ezinganele.
Kusukela kuma-firewall kuye ekubetheleni, kusukela kuhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha kuya kubugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi, sizodabula ikhodi futhi sembule izimfihlo zokuphepha kwe-IT ngokucacile nangokufushane. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uchwepheshe kulo mkhakha noma uqala ukucwilisa izinzwane zakho emhlabeni we-cybersecurity, lesi sihloko sizohlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile namathiphu asebenzayo ukukusiza uzulazule emhlabeni oyinkimbinkimbi wokuphepha kwe-IT.
Hlanganyela nathi njengoba sicacisa incazelo nokubaluleka kokuvikeleka kwe-IT futhi sizinike amandla okuhlala sihamba ngesinyathelo esisodwa ngaphambi kwezinsongo zedijithali ezisizungezile.
Izinsongo ezijwayelekile ekuvikelekeni kwe-IT
Ezweni lanamuhla elixhumene, lapho idatha iwumgogodla wokuphila wamabhizinisi futhi abantu ngabanye bethembele kubuchwepheshe cishe kuzo zonke izici zempilo yabo, ukubaluleka kokuvikeleka kwe-IT akunakugcizelelwa. Izinsongo ze-Cyber zivela ngesivinini esishaqisayo, futhi imiphumela yokwephulwa kwezokuphepha ingaba mibi kakhulu. Umthelela wezinyathelo zokuphepha ze-IT ezinganele zingafinyelela kude, kusukela ekulahlekelweni kwezimali kuya ekulimaleni kwesithunzi.
Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani ukuphepha kwe-IT kubaluleke kakhulu umthamo wedatha ebucayi egcinwa futhi idluliselwe ngogesi. Kusukela kulwazi lomuntu siqu olufana nezinombolo zokuphepha komphakathi nemininingwane yekhadi lesikweletu kuya kudatha eyimfihlo yebhizinisi njengezimfihlo zohwebo namarekhodi ezezimali, ulwazi olubalulekile kufanele luvikelwe ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe.
Ukwengeza, ukuphepha okuqinile kwe-IT kuba bucayi kakhulu njengoba amabhizinisi amukela ikhompuyutha yamafu nomsebenzi okude. Njengoba idatha ifinyelelwa futhi yabelwa ngayo kusuka ezindaweni namadivayisi ahlukahlukene, indawo yokuhlasela iba nkulu, okwenza kube lula kubadlali abanonya ukuxhaphaza ubungozi futhi bathole ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe.
Izinhlangano kufanele zitshale imali ezinyathelweni zokuphepha ze-IT eziphelele ukuze zinciphise lezi zingozi futhi zivikele idatha ebucayi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusebenzisa izilawuli eziqinile zokufinyelela, ukuvuselela njalo isofthiwe namasistimu, ukwenza ukuhlola ukuba sengozini, nokufundisa abasebenzi mayelana nezinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokuvikela idatha.
Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyathelo zokuphepha ze-IT
Esimeni esiguqukayo njalo sokuphepha kwe-IT, kunezinsongo eziningi okufanele izinhlangano nabantu ngabanye bazi ngazo. Ukuqonda lezi zinsongo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu okuzivikela asebenzayo kanye nokuvikela ekuphuleni okungase kube khona.
Enye yezinsongo ezivame kakhulu uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha, isofthiwe enonya eklanyelwe ukuphazamisa noma ukulimaza amasistimu ekhompyutha. Uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha lungafika ngezindlela ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa amagciwane, izikelemu, amaTrojan, kanye ne-ransomware. Kungasakazwa ngokunamathiselwe kwe-imeyili okuthelelekile, amawebhusayithi anonya, noma isoftware eyonakele.
Olunye usongo oluvamile ubugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi, obuhlanganisa ukukhohlisa abantu ukuba baveze ulwazi olubucayi ngokuzenza izinhlangano ezithembekile. Ukuhlasela kobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi ama-imeyili akhohlisayo, imilayezo yombhalo, noma izingcingo ezitshela abamukeli ukuthi bachofoze isixhumanisi noma banikeze ulwazi lomuntu siqu.
Ubunjiniyela bomphakathi ngelinye iqhinga elisetshenziswa izigebengu zamakhompiyutha ukuze zisebenzise ubungozi bomuntu. Kuhilela ukukhohlisa abantu ukuze badalule ulwazi oluyimfihlo noma benze izenzo ezingase zibeke engcupheni ukuphepha. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokuzenza ongeyena, ngokukhohlisa, noma ngokukhohlisa ngokwengqondo.
Ezinye izinsongo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuhlaselwa kwe-denial of service (DoS), okuhloswe ngayo ukweqa isistimu noma inethiwekhi enethrafikhi eyeqile, kanye nomjovo we-SQL, ohlanganisa ukufaka ikhodi enonya kusizindalwazi sewebhusayithi ukuze uthole ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe.
Izindlela ezihamba phambili zokuvikela ingqalasizinda yakho ye-IT
Ukuze uvikele ngempumelelo ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinsongo emhlabeni wedijithali, kubalulekile ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyathelo zokuphepha ze-IT ezingasetshenziswa. Lezi zinyathelo zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe isu lokuvikela elinezingqimba elinciphisa ubungozi futhi livikele idatha nezinhlelo.
Esinye sezinyathelo zokuphepha ze-IT eziyisisekelo ukusetshenziswa kwama-firewall. I-firewall iyisithiyo phakathi kwamanethiwekhi athembekile angaphakathi nangaphandle, ukuqapha nokulawula ithrafikhi engenayo naphumayo ngokusekelwe emithethweni yokuphepha enqunywe kusengaphambili. Zisiza ukuvimbela ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe futhi zivikele ekuhlaselweni okuvamile kwezinga lenethiwekhi.
Ukubethela kungenye ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphepha kwe-IT. Kubandakanya ukuguqula idatha ibe ifomethi engacaciswa kuphela ngokhiye wokubhala olungile. Ukubethela ulwazi olubucayi, ngisho noma lubanjwe ngesikhathi sokudlulisa noma ukugcinwa, luhlala lungafundeki futhi lungasetshenziswa kubantu abangagunyaziwe.
Izilawuli zokufinyelela zibalulekile ekuvikelekeni kwe-IT ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abagunyaziwe kuphela abangafinyelela idatha ebucayi namasistimu. Lokhu kungafinyelelwa ngamaphasiwedi aqinile, ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto eziningi, nokulawulwa kokufinyelela okusekelwe kundima (RBAC), okukhawulela ukufinyelela ngokusekelwe endimeni yomsebenzisi ngaphakathi kwenhlangano.
Isofthiwe evamile nezibuyekezo zesistimu nazo zibalulekile ekugcineni ukuphepha kwe-IT. Abathengisi be-software bavame ukukhipha izibuyekezo ezikhuluma ngobungozi bokuphepha kanye nobuthakathaka bomkhiqizo wokuchibiyela. Izinhlangano zingazivikela ezinsongweni zakamuva kanye nokuxhashazwa ngokubuyekeza isofthiwe njalo.
Iqhaza lokubethela ekuvikelekeni kwe-IT
Ukusungula ingqalasizinda yezokuphepha ye-IT eqinile, kubalulekile ukulandela izinqubo ezihamba phambili ezisiza ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuphulwa kwezokuphepha. Lezi zinqubo kufanele zisetshenziswe kuwo wonke amazinga enhlangano, kusukela kubasebenzi ngabanye ukuya kubaphathi be-IT.
Enye yezinqubo eziyisisekelo kodwa ezibalulekile ukusebenzisa amagama ayimfihlo aqinile. Amagama ayimfihlo abuthakathaka ayindawo evamile yokungena kubageli, abangaqagela kalula noma baphoqelele indlela yabo kuma-akhawunti. Amaphasiwedi aqinile kufanele abe yinkimbinkimbi, ahluke, futhi ashintshwe njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha okuphezulu.
Omunye umkhuba obalulekile ukufundisa abasebenzisi nokuqwashisa. Izisebenzi kufanele ziqeqeshelwe ukuhlonza nokusabela ezinsongweni zokuphepha ezivamile, njengama-imeyili obugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi noma izixhumanisi ezisolisayo. Izinhlelo ezivamile zokuqwashisa ngokuphepha zingasiza ekwakheni isiko lokuphepha ngaphakathi kwenhlangano lapho abasebenzi beqaphile futhi bekhuthele ekuvikeleni ulwazi olubucayi.
Izipele ezivamile nazo zibalulekile ekuvikeleni ekulahlekeni kwedatha nokuhlaselwa kwe-ransomware. Ngokwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yedatha njalo futhi iyigcine ngokuphephile, izinhlangano zingabuyisela ngokushesha amasistimu azo uma kwenzeka kuphulwa noma ukwehluleka kwesistimu. Izipele kufanele zihlolwe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zithembekile nokusebenza kwazo.
Ukusebenzisa uhlelo oluqinile lokuphendula isigameko kungenye indlela engcono kakhulu yokuphepha kwe-IT. Lolu hlelo luveza izinyathelo ngesikhathi sesigameko sokuphepha, okuhlanganisa ukugcinwa, uphenyo, kanye nokubuyisela. Ngokuba necebo lokuphendula isigameko elichazwe kahle, izinhlangano zinganciphisa umthelela wokwephulwa komthetho futhi zibuyisele ngokushesha imisebenzi evamile.
Izitifiketi zokuphepha ze-IT nokubaluleka kwazo
Ukubethela kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikelekeni kwe-IT ngokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kuyimfihlo nobuqotho bedatha. Kuhilela ukusebenzisa ama-cryptographic algorithms ukuguqula idatha yombhalo osobala ibe umbhalo we-cipher, ongachazwa kuphela ngokhiye wokubhala olungile.
Ngokubhala ngekhodi ulwazi olubucayi, izinhlangano zingaluvikela ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe futhi zinciphise ubungozi obuhlobene nokuphulwa kwedatha. Ngisho noma umhlaseli ekwazile ukuvimba idatha ebethelwe, akakwazi ukuyichaza ngaphandle kokhiye wokubethela, okwenza idatha ingabi namsebenzi.
Ukubethela kusetshenziswa ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphepha kwe-IT, kusukela ekuvikeleni iziteshi zokuxhumana kuya ekuvikeleni idatha lapho uphumule. Izivumelwano zokuxhumana ezivikelekile ezifana ne-HTTPS zisebenzisa ukubethela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi idatha edluliswa phakathi kwedivayisi yomsebenzisi newebhusayithi ihlala iyimfihlo futhi ayinakuvinjelwa.
Ukubhala ngemfihlo kungasetshenziswa kumadivayisi esitoreji njengama-hard drive noma amadrayivu e-USB ukuze uthole idatha lapho uphumule. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ihlala ibethelwe futhi ingafinyeleleki kubantu abangagunyaziwe, ngisho noma idivayisi ephathekayo ilahleka noma yebiwa.
Ukubethela akubalulekile nje kuphela ukuze kuvikelwe idatha ebucayi, kodwa futhi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuthobela imithetho eyahlukene yokuvikela idatha. Imithetho eminingi eqondene nomkhakha othile, njengoMthetho Wokuphatheka Nokuziphendulela Kwezempilo (HIPAA) kanye ne-Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), idinga ukubethelwa kwedatha ebucayi.
Izinyathelo zokudala inqubomgomo yokuphepha ye-IT eqinile
Ekuvikelekeni kwe-IT, izitifiketi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ulwazi nobuchwepheshe bomuntu. Izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene zinikeza lezi zitifiketi futhi zibonise ubungcweti ezindaweni ezithile zokuvikeleka kwe-IT.
Esinye sezitifiketi ezaziwa kakhulu zokuphepha ze-IT Isitifiketi Sokuvikeleka Kwezolwazi Eziqinisekisiwe (CISSP). Lesi sitifiketi sihlanganisa izihloko eziningi zokuphepha ze-IT, okuhlanganisa ukulawula ukufinyelela, i-cryptography, nemisebenzi yezokuphepha. Ochwepheshe abaqinisekiswe yi-CISSP bafunwa kakhulu embonini futhi baqashelwa ngokuqonda okuphelele kwezimiso zokuphepha ze-IT nezindlela ezihamba phambili.
Esinye isitifiketi esiqashelwa kabanzi isitifiketi se-Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH). Lesi sitifiketi sigxile kumasu okugebenga okuqotho futhi sinika amandla ochwepheshe ukuthi bakhombe ubungozi kumasistimu namanethiwekhi. Izinhlangano zivame ukuqasha ochwepheshe abanesitifiketi se-CEH ukuze benze ukuhlolwa kokungena kanye nokuhlola ukuba sengozini.
Ezinye izitifiketi eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa isitifiketi Esiqinisekisiwe Somphathi Wokuphepha Kolwazi (CISM), esiqondiswe ekuphathweni kokuphepha kwe-IT, kanye nesitifiketi Sokuvikeleka Esiqinisekisiwe Esiqinisekisiwe (OSCP), esigxile kumasu okuvikela ahlaselayo.
Izitifiketi zokuphepha ze-IT ziqinisekisa amakhono nolwazi lomuntu, okubonisa ukuzibophezela ekuthuthukisweni kochwepheshe kanye nokuhlala wamanje nezitayela zomkhakha. Abaqashi bavame ukubeka phambili abantu abazongenela ukhetho ngezitifiketi ezifanele, njengoba beqinisekisa amakhono omuntu ekuvikeleni ingqalasizinda yabo ye-IT.
Amathuluzi okuphepha we-IT nesofthiwe
Inqubomgomo yokuphepha ye-IT echazwe kahle ibalulekile ukuze izinhlangano zisungule uhlaka lokuvikela idatha yazo nezinhlelo. Inqubomgomo yezokuphepha ye-IT iveza imithetho nezinqubo zokugcina indawo ye-IT evikelekile.
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokudala inqubomgomo yokuphepha ye-IT eqinile yenza ukuhlolwa kobungozi okuphelele. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlonza ubungozi obungaba khona kanye nokuba sengozini ngaphakathi kwengqalasizinda ye-IT yenhlangano nokunquma ukuba nokwenzeka nomthelela wengcuphe ngayinye. Lokhu kuhlola kwakha isisekelo sokuthuthukisa izilawuli zokuphepha ezifanele kanye nezinyathelo.
Uma ubungozi buphawuliwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuchaza izilawuli zokuphepha ezizosetshenziswa. Lezi zilawuli zingabandakanya izilawuli zokufinyelela, izidingo zokubethela, izinqubomgomo zephasiwedi, nezinqubo zokuphendula isigameko. Umgomo kufanele uveze ngokucacile izibopho zabasebenzi nabaphathi ekubambeleleni kulokhu kulawula.
Ukubuyekezwa okuvamile nezibuyekezo zibalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kwenqubomgomo yezokuphepha ye-IT. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezinsongo zithuthuka, kubalulekile ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile ubuyekeze futhi ubuyekeze inqubomgomo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ihlala isebenza futhi ihambisana nezinqubo ezihamba phambili zemboni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izindlela zokuphepha ezintsha kanye nokubhekana nanoma yiziphi izingozi noma ubungozi obuvelayo.
Ukuqeqeshwa nokuqwashisa kwabasebenzi nakho kuyingxenye yempumelelo yenqubomgomo yezokuphepha ye-IT. Abasebenzi kufanele bafundiswe ngezimfuneko zenqubomgomo futhi baqeqeshwe ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuvikela idatha. Izinhlelo ezivamile zokuqwashisa ngokuphepha zingasiza ukuqinisa ukubaluleka kokuphepha kwe-IT futhi zinike amandla abasebenzi ukuthi babambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo ekugcineni indawo evikelekile.
Isiphetho: Ikusasa lokuphepha kwe-IT
Ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi lokuphepha kwe-IT, amathuluzi amaningi nezixazululo zesofthiwe ziyatholakala ukusiza izinhlangano zivikele idatha yazo kanye nezinhlelo. Lawa mathuluzi enza ngokuzenzakalelayo izinqubo zokuphepha, ahlinzeke ngokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, futhi asize ekuhlonzeni nasekunciphiseni izinsongo ezingaba khona.
Elinye lamathuluzi abalulekile ekuvikelekeni kwe-IT isofthiwe ye-antivirus. Isofthiwe ye-antivirus iskena amafayela nezinhlelo zohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha futhi isuse noma ihlukanise noma yiziphi izinsongo ezitholiwe. Inikeza isendlalelo esengeziwe sokuvikela ezinhlotsheni ezivamile zohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha, njengamagciwane nezikelemu.
I-firewall ingelinye ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuphepha kwe-IT. Baqapha futhi balawule ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi engenayo nephumayo ngokusekelwe emithethweni yokuphepha enqunywe kusengaphambili. Ama-firewall angasetshenziswa kumaleveli ahlukahlukene, kusukela kuma-firewall ezingeni lenethiwekhi avikela yonke inethiwekhi kuya kuma-firewall asekelwe kusokhaya asebenza kudivayisi ngayinye.
Amasistimu okubona nokuvinjwa kokungenela (IDPS) angamathuluzi aqapha ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi ngomsebenzi osolisayo futhi axwayise abalawuli ngokuphulwa kokuphepha okungaba khona. Lawa masistimu angathola futhi avimbele ukuhlaselwa, okuhlanganisa ukuhlaselwa kwe-DoS, umjovo we-SQL, nokuskena kwenethiwekhi.
Ulwazi lwezokuphepha kanye namathuluzi okuphatha umcimbi (i-SIEM) aqoqa futhi ahlaziye idatha yomcimbi wokuphepha emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, enikeza abalawuli umbono ophakathi nendawo wokuma kwenhlangano kwezokuphepha. Amathuluzi e-SIEM asiza ukukhomba amaphethini nokudidayo okungase kubonise isigameko sokuvikeleka futhi anike amandla impendulo esheshayo nokulungiswa.
Izinhlangano eziningi futhi zisebenzisa amathuluzi okuskena okuba sengcupheni ukuze zibone ubuthakathaka obungaba khona ezinhlelweni zabo namanethiwekhi. Lawa mathuluzi askena ubungozi obaziwayo futhi anikeze izincomo zokulungisa. Amaskena avamile okuba sengozini angasiza izinhlangano ukuthi zihlale ngaphambi kwezinsongo ezingaba khona futhi ziqinisekise ukuphepha kwengqalasizinda yazo ye-IT.
