Ukuba ingcweti kwezobuciko bokuphepha kwe-Cyber
Uyemukelwa enkathini yedijithali, lapho umhlaba wethu uxhumeke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Ngalokhu kuxhumana kuza lula okuhle kakhulu, amathuba, kanye nengozi enkulu - izinsongo ze-inthanethi. Noma ngabe ungumuntu osaqalayo noma unokuqonda okuyisisekelo ngokuvikeleka ku-inthanethi, lo mhlahlandlela obanzi ulapha ukuze ukusize ube yingcweti yokuvikela umhlaba wakho wedijithali.
Kulo mhlahlandlela wabaqalayo, sizoqeda umhlaba oyinkimbinkimbi wokuphepha ku-inthanethi futhi sikunikeze amathiphu asebenzayo namasu okuvikela ukuba khona kwakho ku-inthanethi. Kusukela ekuqondeni izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokusatshiswa ku-inthanethi ukuya ekusebenziseni izindlela zokuphepha ezanele, sizokuhlomisa ngolwazi namathuluzi ukuze uhlale uphambili kunezigebengu nezigebengu ze-inthanethi.
Kuwo wonke lo mhlahlandlela, sizokunika amandla ngemininingwane esebenzayo nezibonelo zomhlaba wangempela, siqinisekisa ukuthi awugcini nje ngokubamba okuyisisekelo kokuphepha ku-inthanethi kodwa futhi ufunde ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani empilweni yakho yansuku zonke yedijithali. Ngemiyalelo yesinyathelo nesinyathelo kanye nezincazelo eziqondakala kalula, ungakwazi ukuqinisa ukuzivikela kwakho kwedijithali futhi uvikele ulwazi olubucayi ukuthi lungaweli ezandleni ezingalungile.
Lungela ukulawula ukuphepha kwakho kwedijithali. Masingene singene emhlabeni othokozisayo wokuphepha ku-inthanethi futhi sibe umnakekeli onolwazi womhlaba wakho wedijithali.
Ukuqonda ukuphepha kwe-cyber
Ukuphepha kwe-Cyber kuvikela amakhompyutha, amaseva, amadivaysi eselula, amasistimu kagesi, amanethiwekhi, nedatha ekuhlaselweni kwedijithali. Ihlanganisa izindlela namasu ahlukene okuvimbela ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe, ukwephulwa kwedatha, ukwebiwa kobunikazi, nezinye izinsongo ze-inthanethi. Ukuphepha kwe-Cyber akugcini kubantu ngabanye; kubaluleke ngokufanayo kumabhizinisi, ohulumeni, nezinhlangano.
Ukwakheka kwedijithali kuhlala kuguquguquka, kanjalo nezinsongo ze-inthanethi. Ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kokuphepha ku-inthanethi kubalulekile ukuze uzivikele ngempumelelo wena kanye nempahla yakho yedijithali. Ngokuzifundisa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokusatshiswa ku-inthanethi nezindlela ezisetshenziswa abadlali abanonya, ungenza izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezifanele ukunciphisa ubungozi.
Ukubaluleka kokuphepha ku-inthanethi
Emhlabeni wanamuhla oxhumene, ukubaluleka kokuphepha ku-inthanethi angeke kugcizelelwe. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Cyber kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, kusukela ekulahlekelweni kwezimali kuya ekulimaleni kwesithunzi kanye nemithelela yezomthetho. Ulwazi lomuntu siqu, olufana nezinombolo zokuphepha komphakathi, imininingwane yekhadi lesikweletu, namaphasiwedi, lungantshontshwa futhi lusetshenziswe kabi. Ngenxa yokwephulwa kwedatha, amabhizinisi angalahlekelwa kakhulu ngokwezimali, alahlekelwe ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende, futhi abhekane nezijeziso ezingokomthetho.
Ukuphepha kwe-Cyber akukhona nje ukuvikela ulwazi olubucayi; iphinde iqinisekise ukutholakala nokuthembeka kwezinsizakalo zedijithali. Cabanga ngesimo lapho izigebengu ze-inthanethi zibeka engcupheni ingqalasizinda ebalulekile, njengamagridi kagesi noma izinhlelo zokuthutha. Imiphumela ingaba mibi kakhulu.
Ngokubeka eqhulwini ukuphepha ku-inthanethi, abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano bangavikela izimpahla zabo zedijithali, bagcine ubumfihlo, bavikele isithunzi sabo, futhi banikele esimisweni se-digital ecosystem ephephe futhi evikeleke kakhudlwana.
Izinsongo ezijwayelekile zokuphepha ku-inthanethi
Ezweni elikhulu lezinsongo ze-inthanethi, kufanele uzijwayeze nalezo ezivame kakhulu. Lolu lwazi luzokwenza ukwazi ukubona izingozi ezingase zibe khona futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezifanele zokuzivikela. Nazi ezinye zezinsongo ezivame kakhulu zokuphepha ku-inthanethi okufanele uzazi:
- I-Malware: Isofthiwe engalungile, eyaziwa ngokuthi uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha, iklanyelwe ukulimaza amakhompyutha, ukweba ulwazi, noma ukuthola ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe ezinhlelweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amagciwane, izikelemu, ama-Trojan, i-ransomware, ne-spyware. Uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha lungasatshalaliswa ngokunamathiselwe kwe-imeyili okuthelelekile, amawebhusayithi anonya, noma isofthiwe eyonakele.
- I-Phishing: Ubugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi buyindlela yobunjiniyela bomphakathi izigebengu ze-inthanethi ezizisebenzisayo ukukhohlisa abantu ukuze baveze ulwazi olubucayi, olufana namagama-mfihlo, imininingwane yekhadi lesikweletu, noma izinombolo zokuphepha komphakathi. Ukuhlasela kobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi kuvame ukubandakanya ama-imeyili akhohlisayo, imilayezo yombhalo, noma amawebhusayithi mbumbulu abonakala esemthethweni kodwa enzelwe ukweba ulwazi lomuntu siqu.
- Ukuhlaselwa kwephasiwedi kubandakanya imizamo yokuqagela noma yokuqhafaza amaphasiwedi ukuze uthole ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe kuma-akhawunti noma amasistimu. Lokhu kuhlasela kungaba ukuhlasela okunamandla, lapho umhlaseli ezama ngokuhlelekile zonke izinhlanganisela ezingaba khona, noma ukuhlaselwa kwesichazamazwi, lapho kusetshenziswa khona uhlu oluhlanganiswe ngaphambilini lwamaphasiwedi avamile.
- Ukuhlaselwa kweDenial-of-Service (DoS).: Ukuhlasela kwe-DoS kuhlose ukuphazamisa ukutholakala kwesevisi noma iwebhusayithi ngokuyixaka ngobuningi bethrafikhi noma izicelo zezinsiza. Lokhu kungenza isistimu eqondisiwe noma inethiwekhi ingafinyeleleki kubasebenzisi abasemthethweni.
- Ukuhlasela kwe-Man-in-the-middle (MitM).: Ekuhlaselweni kwe-MitM, umhlaseli ubamba futhi adlulisele ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili ngaphandle kolwazi lwabo. Lokhu kuvumela umhlaseli ukuthi alalele, aguqule, noma asebenzise ulwazi olushintshiwe.
Ukuqonda lezi zinsongo ezijwayelekile kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuzivikela ekuhlaselweni ku-inthanethi. Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sizohlola izinqubo eziyisisekelo nezithuthukisiwe zokuphepha ku-inthanethi abantu abangazisebenzisa ukuze banciphise lezi zingozi.
Izinqubo eziyisisekelo zokuphepha ku-inthanethi kubantu ngabanye
Ukusebenzisa izinqubo eziyisisekelo zokuphepha ku-inthanethi kubalulekile ukuze uvikele impahla yakho yedijithali futhi unciphise ubungozi bokuhlaselwa ku-inthanethi. Nazi izinyathelo ezibalulekile ongazithatha ukuze uthuthukise ukuphepha kwakho kwedijithali:
- Gcina isofthiwe isesikhathini samanje: Ukubuyekeza njalo isistimu yakho yokusebenza, izinhlelo zokusebenza, nesofthiwe ye-antivirus kubalulekile ukuze uvale ubungozi bokuphepha futhi uvikele ezenzweni zokuxhaphaza ezaziwayo. Nika amandla izibuyekezo ezizenzakalelayo noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi usebenzisa izinguqulo zakamuva.
- Sebenzisa amaphasiwedi aqinile, ahlukile: Dala amagama ayimfihlo aqinile anezinhlamvu okungenani eziyisishiyagalombili ubude futhi ufake inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu ezinkulu nezincane, izinombolo, nezinhlamvu ezikhethekile. Gwema ukusebenzisa amagama ajwayelekile noma ulwazi lomuntu siqu kumaphasiwedi akho. Ukusebenzisa iphasiwedi ehlukile ku-akhawunti ngayinye eku-inthanethi kubalulekile ukuze uvimbele ukwephulwa komthetho okukodwa ekufakeni engozini ama-akhawunti amaningi.
- Nika amandla ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezimbili (2FA): Ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezimbili kwengeza isendlalelo esengeziwe sokuphepha ngokudinga uhlobo lwesibili lokuqinisekisa, njengekhodi ehlukile ethunyelwe kumakhalekhukhwini wakho kanye nephasiwedi yakho. Nika amandla i-2FA noma kuphi lapho itholakala khona ukuze uvikele ama-akhawunti akho ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe.
- Qaphela nge-imeyili nezinanyathiselwa: Qaphela ama-imeyili angacelwanga, ikakhulukazi lawo acela ulwazi lomuntu siqu noma aqukethe izinanyathiselwa ezisolisayo. Qinisekisa ubunikazi bomthumeli ngaphambi kokuchofoza noma yiziphi izixhumanisi noma ukulanda okunamathiselwe. Uma ungabaza, xhumana nomthumeli usebenzisa indlela yokuxhumana eyaziwayo neyethembekile.
- Vikela inethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya: Ukuze uvikele inethiwekhi yakho ye-Wi-Fi, shintsha imininingwane yokungena ezenzakalelayo yerutha yakho yasekhaya futhi usebenzise ukubethela okuqinile, okufana ne-WPA2 noma i-WPA3. Njalo buyekeza i-firmware yomzila wakho ukuze ukhiphe ubungozi bokuphepha. Cabangela ukusebenzisa i-firewall ukuze ugade futhi uhlunge ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi engenayo naphumayo.
- Yenza isipele idatha yakho: Njalo yenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yamafayela akho abalulekile nedatha kusigcinalwazi sangaphandle, isitoreji samafu, noma kwenye indawo evikelekile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi noma ngabe idivayisi yakho isengozini noma uhlangabezana nokuhluleka kwehadiwe, ungakwazi ukubuyisela idatha yakho ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ulwazi olubalulekile.
Ukulandela lezi zinqubo eziyisisekelo zokuphepha ku-inthanethi kunganciphisa kakhulu ingcuphe yokuba yisisulu sokusongelwa okuvamile ku-inthanethi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba izigebengu ze-inthanethi ziba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ukuhlala unolwazi ngamasu athuthukile okuphepha ku-inthanethi kubalulekile.
Isigaba 1: Izitifiketi Nokuqeqeshwa Kwe-Cyber Security
Ukuphepha kwe-Cyber kushintsha njalo, futhi ukuhlala unolwazi lwakamuva namakhono kubalulekile. Enye indlela yokubonisa ubuchwepheshe bakho ekuvikelekeni ku-inthanethi ukuthola izitifiketi. Lezi zitifiketi ziqinisekisa amakhono akho futhi zivula iminyango yamathuba emisebenzi ahlukahlukene.
Izitifiketi ezimbalwa ezihloniphekile zokuphepha ku-inthanethi ziyatholakala, njenge-Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP), Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH), kanye ne-CompTIA Security+. Isitifiketi ngasinye sigxile esicini esithile sokuvikeleka ku-inthanethi, kusukela ekugebengwini okuqotho kuye ekuvikelekeni kwenethiwekhi.
Ungabhalisa ezifundweni zokuqeqeshwa kwezokuphepha ku-inthanethi ukuze uzilungiselele lezi zitifiketi. Lezi zifundo zihlanganisa izihloko eziningi, okuhlanganisa ubuhlakani bosongo, ukuhlolwa kokuba sengozini, impendulo yezehlakalo, kanye nemikhuba yokubhala ikhodi evikelekile. Izinkundla eziningi eziku-inthanethi zinikeza izinhlelo ezibanzi zokuqeqesha ngokuvikeleka ku-inthanethi ezikuvumela ukuthi ufunde ngejubane lakho nangokunethezeka kwekhaya lakho.
Ukutshala isikhathi nomzamo ekutholeni izitifiketi nokuqeqeshwa kokuphepha ku-inthanethi kuzothuthukisa ulwazi namakhono akho futhi ukhulise ukwethembeka kwakho emakethe yemisebenzi. Abaqashi bazisa ochwepheshe abazibophezele ekuhlaleni benolwazi ngezinqubo zakamuva zokuphepha ku-inthanethi, okwenza izitifiketi zibe yigugu ohambweni lwakho lomsebenzi.
Isigaba 2: Amathrendi ezokuphepha ku-Cyber kanye Nezinselele Zesikhathi esizayo
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kanjalo nezinsongo ze-cyber. Kubalulekile ukuthi uhlale unolwazi mayelana nemikhuba yakamuva yezokuphepha ku-inthanethi nezinselele zesikhathi esizayo ukuze uvikele umhlaba wakho wedijithali ngempumelelo.
Nawa amathrendi nezinselele ezibalulekile okufanele uzazi:
- Ukuhlasela kwe-Ransomware: Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Ransomware kuye kwanda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Lokhu kuhlasela kuhilela ukubethela amafayela esisulu kanye nokufuna isihlengo ukuze bakhululwe. Izigebengu ze-Cybercriminal ziqhubeka nokushintsha amaqhinga azo, okwenza kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ube nezinhlelo eziyisipele eziqinile futhi ubuyekeze njalo isofthiwe yakho ukuze uvikele kulezi zinsongo.
- Ubungozi be-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT).: Ngokwanda kwamadivayisi e-IoT, njengamadivayisi ahlakaniphile asekhaya kanye nobuchwepheshe obugqokekayo, indawo yokuhlasela yezigebengu ze-inthanethi inwetshiwe. Izinyathelo zokuphepha ezibuthakathaka kulawa madivayisi zingawashiya engcupheni yokugetshengwa. Kubalulekile ukuvikela amadivayisi akho e-IoT ngokushintsha amagama ayimfihlo azenzakalelayo, ukugcina i-firmware ingeyamanje, nokuvala izici ezingadingekile.
- I-Artificial Intelligence (AI) kanye Nokufunda Ngomshini (ML) ekuvikelekeni kwe-Cyber: Nakuba i-AI ne-ML zinikeza intuthuko ebalulekile ekuvikelekeni ku-inthanethi, izigebengu ze-inthanethi nazo zingazixhaphaza. Izigebengu ze-inthanethi zingasebenzisa i-AI ukwenza ukuhlasela ngokuzenzakalela, kwenze ukuthola kube yinkimbinkimbi futhi kube nzima. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-AI kanye ne-ML buqhubeka nokuvela, kunesidingo sokuthi ochwepheshe bezokuphepha ku-inthanethi bazivumelanise futhi bakhe amasu amasha okuvikela.
- Ukuphepha Kwefu: Njengoba amabhizinisi amaningi nabantu ngabanye bethembele kukhompyutha yamafu ukuze bagcine futhi bafinyelele idatha, ukuphepha kwamafu kuba okubalulekile. Ukungalungiseleli kahle nezilawuli zokufinyelela ezibuthakathaka kungaholela ekwephulweni kwedatha nokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe. Ukuqonda izinqubo ezihamba phambili zokuphepha kwamafu nokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile kungasiza ukuvikela idatha yakho emafini.
- Ukuhlasela Kobunjiniyela Bezenhlalakahle: Ukuhlaselwa konjiniyela bezenhlalo, okufana nobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi kanye nokuzenzisa, kuyaqhubeka nokuba usongo olukhulu. Lokhu kuhlasela kukhohlisa abantu ukuze baveze ulwazi olubucayi noma benze izenzo ezibeka engcupheni ukuphepha. Ukuhlala uqaphile futhi uqaphe ama-imeyili asolisayo, imilayezo, nezingcingo kungasiza ukuvikela ekuhlaselweni konjiniyela bezenhlalo.
Njengoba ukuphepha ku-inthanethi kuqhubeka nokuvela, ukuhlala unolwazi mayelana nezinselele zakamuva kubalulekile. Ngokuqonda lezi zitayela nokusebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo izinyathelo zokuphepha, ungavikela kangcono umhlaba wakho wedijithali.
Isigaba 3: Ukulawula Ukuphepha Kwakho Kwedijithali
Kulesi sigaba sokugcina, ake sihlole izinyathelo ezingokoqobo ongazithatha ukuze uqinise ukuphepha kwakho kwedijithali futhi uvikele ulwazi lwakho olubucayi.
- Sebenzisa Amaphasiwedi Aqinile Nahlukile: Amaphasiwedi abuthakathaka angesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuphulwa kwezokuphepha. Dala amagama ayimfihlo aqinile, ayinkimbinkimbi ahlanganisa osonhlamvukazi nabancane, izinombolo, nezinhlamvu ezikhethekile. Ukwengeza, qiniseka ukuthi usebenzisa igama eliyimfihlo eliyingqayizivele ku-akhawunti ngayinye eku-inthanethi ukuze uvimbele ukwephula okukodwa ekufakeni engozini ama-akhawunti amaningi.
- Nika amandla ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezimbili (2FA): Ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezimbili kwengeza isendlalelo esengeziwe sokuphepha ngokudinga isinyathelo sesibili sokuqinisekisa, ngokuvamile ngedivayisi yeselula noma i-imeyili. Nika amandla i-2FA noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka ukuze uvikele ama-akhawunti akho ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe.
- Gcina Isofthiwe Namadivayisi Kusesikhathini Samanje: Ukubuyekeza njalo isofthiwe yakho, amasistimu okusebenza, namadivayisi kubalulekile ukuze unamathisele noma yibuphi ubungozi bokuphepha. Nika amandla izibuyekezo ezizenzakalelayo noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi unamapeshi akamuva okuphepha.
- Vikela inethiwekhi yakho ye-Wi-Fi: Shintsha iphasiwedi ezenzakalelayo yerutha yakho ye-Wi-Fi futhi usebenzise iphrothokholi yokubethela eqinile njenge-WPA2 noma i-WPA3. Ukwengeza, cabanga ukufihla i-SSID yenethiwekhi yakho ye-Wi-Fi futhi unike amandla ukuhlunga ikheli le-MAC ukuze ukhawulele ukufinyelela kumadivayisi agunyaziwe.
- Qaphela Imizamo Yokweba imininingwane ebucayi: Ukuhlaselwa kobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi kukhohlisa abantu ukuthi baveze ulwazi olubucayi. Gwema ama-imeyili angacelwanga, imilayezo, noma izingcingo ezicela ulwazi lomuntu siqu noma lwezezimali. Qinisekisa ukufaneleka kwesicelo ngomthombo othembekile ngaphambi kokunikeza noma yiluphi ulwazi.
- Yenza Ikhophi Yakho Yedatha Njalo: Ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yedatha yakho njalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi unekhophi yamafayela abalulekile esimeni sokuhlaselwa kwe-ransomware noma ukwehluleka kwehadiwe. Sebenzisa inhlanganisela yezipele zasendaweni nezamafu ukuze unikeze ukungafuneki futhi uvikele ekulahlekeni kwedatha.
- Zifundise Futhi Uhlale Unolwazi: I-Cybersecurity iyinkambu ehlala ivela, futhi ukuhlala unolwazi mayelana nezinsongo zakamuva nezinqubo zokuphepha kubalulekile. Landela amabhulogi okuphepha ku-inthanethi ahloniphekile, vakashela ama-webinars, futhi ubambe iqhaza emiphakathini eku-inthanethi ukuze uhlale unolwazi futhi ufunde kochwepheshe kulo mkhakha.
Ukusebenzisa lezi zinyathelo zokuphepha kanye nokusebenzisa indlela esheshayo ekuvikelekeni ku-inthanethi kunganciphisa kakhulu ubungozi bokuba yisisulu sokusatshiswa ku-inthanethi.
