I-Information Technology Auditing kuyinqubo ebalulekile esiza amabhizinisi aqinisekise ukuphepha, ukwethembeka, nokusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zawo ze-IT. Kulo mhlahlandlela, sizohlola ukubaluleka kokuhlolwa kwe-IT, izinhlobo ezahlukene zokucwaningwa kwamabhuku, nokuthi zingayizuzisa kanjani inhlangano yakho.
Kuyini I-Information Technology Auditing?
I-Information Technology Auditing ihlola izinhlelo ze-IT zenhlangano, ingqalasizinda, kanye nokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zivikelekile, zithembekile, futhi ziyasebenza. Lokhu kubandakanya ukubuyekeza ihadiwe nezinhlelo zesofthiwe, izivumelwano zokuphepha kwenethiwekhi, ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yedatha nezinqubo zokuthola kabusha, kanye nokubusa nokuphathwa kwe-IT kukonke. Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT kuhloswe ukukhomba ubungozi obungaba khona kanye nokuba sengozini, kunconywe ukuthuthukiswa ukuze kuncishiswe, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi amasistimu e-IT enhlangano asebenza ngempumelelo.
Izinzuzo ze I-IT Auditing Yamabhizinisi.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi kumabhizinisi, okuhlanganisa ukuhlonza izingozi zokuphepha ezingaba khona kanye nokuba sengozini ezinhlelweni zabo ze-IT, ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho nezindinganiso zemboni, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kahle kwemisebenzi ye-IT, nokunciphisa ubungozi bokuphulwa kwedatha ebizayo kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula. Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT okuvamile kuvumela amabhizinisi ukuthi agweme izinsongo ezingase zibe khona futhi aqinisekise ukuthi amasistimu awo e-IT asebenza ngokusezingeni eliphezulu.
Izinhlobo zokucwaningwa kwamabhuku e-IT.
Amabhizinisi angaqhuba izinhlobo ezimbalwa zokuhlolwa kwe-IT ukuze aqinisekise ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zawo ze-IT. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku okuthobela imithetho, okuqinisekisa ukuthi inkampani ilandela imithetho nemigomo yemboni; ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku okusebenza, okuhlola ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kahle kwemisebenzi ye-IT; kanye nokuhlolwa kwezokuphepha, okuhlonza izingozi ezingaba khona zokuphepha kanye nokuba sengozini ohlelweni lwe-IT. Amabhizinisi kufanele anqume ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokucwaninga oluhambisana kakhulu nezidingo zawo futhi alwenze njalo ukuze agweme izinsongo ezingaba khona.
Uhlelo lwe-IT Audit.
Inqubo yocwaningo lwe-IT ngokuvamile ibandakanya izinyathelo ezimbalwa, ezihlanganisa ukuhlela, umsebenzi wasendle, ukubika, nokulandelela. Phakathi nesigaba sokuhlela, umcwaningi mabhuku uzonquma ububanzi bokucwaningwa kwamabhuku, ahlonze ubungozi obungaba khona kanye nobuthakathaka, futhi enze uhlelo lokuqhuba ucwaningo. Isigaba somsebenzi wenkundla sibandakanya ukuqoqa nokuhlaziya idatha, ukuhlola izilawuli ze-IT, nokuhlonza noma yiziphi izinkinga noma ubuthakathaka ohlelweni. Umcwaningi mabhuku uyobe eselungiselela umbiko onemininingwane ekutholile kanye nezincomo zokuthuthukisa. Okokugcina, isigaba sokulandelela sibandakanya ukuqapha ukuqaliswa kwezinguquko ezinconyiwe kanye nokwenza ucwaningo lwangomuso ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa komthetho okuqhubekayo nokuphepha.
Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuhlola I-IT.
Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kocwaningo lwe-IT, amabhizinisi kufanele alandele izinqubo ezimbalwa ezihamba phambili. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukusungula izinjongo ezicacile kanye nobubanzi bokucwaninga nokuxhumana nabo bonke ababambiqhaza abahilelekile. Ukwengeza, abacwaningi mabhuku kufanele baqonde kahle izinhlelo nezinqubo ze-IT zebhizinisi kanye nanoma yimiphi imithethonqubo efanele noma amazinga emboni. Ukusebenzisa indlela esekelwe ebungozini ukuze kubekwe eqhulwini izindawo zokucwaningwa kwamabhuku nokwenza ukucwaninga kwamabhuku okuvamile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa komthetho okuqhubekayo nokuphepha nakho kubalulekile. Okokugcina, amabhizinisi kufanele asebenzisane nabacwaningi mabhuku abanolwazi nabaqeqeshiwe abanamakhono adingekayo kanye nekhono lokwenza ucwaningo olunzulu noluyimpumelelo.
Ukucwaningwa Kwamabhuku Kwezobuchwepheshe Bolwazi Kuthuthukisa Kanjani Ukusebenza Kwenhlangano Nokukhiqiza
Esikhathini sanamuhla esisheshayo sedijithali, izinhlangano zithembele kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bolwazi (IT) emisebenzini yazo yansuku zonke. Kodwa-ke, ngokuthembela okwandayo ezinhlelweni ze-IT, kunesidingo esikhulayo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi zivikelekile, zisebenza kahle, futhi zihambisana nezinjongo zenhlangano. Yilapho kucwaningwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi kuqala khona.
Ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi kuyinqubo yokuhlola ehlelekile ehlola ingqalasizinda ye-IT yenhlangano, izinqubomgomo, nezinqubo ukuze kutholwe ukusebenza kahle kwayo, ukunemba kanye nokuphepha. Ngokwenza ukuhlolwa kwe-IT okuvamile, izinhlangano zingakwazi ukuhlonza ubungozi, zithole izinsongo ezingaba khona, futhi zisebenzise izilawuli ezidingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvikeleka nokuvikela idatha ebucayi.
Kodwa ukuhlolwa kwe-IT akukhona nje ezokuphepha. Futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwenhlangano kanye nokukhiqiza. Ngokuhlonza ukungasebenzi kahle, ukungasasebenzi, noma izindawo ezimoshayo, abacwaningi mabhuku be-IT bangancoma futhi basebenzise ukuthuthukiswa okwenza lula izinqubo, kuthuthukise ukuhamba komsebenzi, futhi konge isikhathi nemali.
Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukuthi ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi kuthuthukisa kanjani ukusebenza kahle kwenhlangano kanye nokukhiqiza, kunikeze izibonelo zempilo yangempela kanye nemininingwane. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uchwepheshe we-IT, ungumphathi, noma umnikazi webhizinisi, ukuqonda izinzuzo zokuhlolwa kwe-IT kungakusiza ukuthi usebenzise ubuchwepheshe emandleni abo aphelele futhi uqhubekisele phambili impumelelo emhlabeni wanamuhla wedijithali.
Izinzuzo zokucwaningwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi
Ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi kubalulekile ezinhlanganweni njengoba kusiza ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho, ukutholakala, nokugcinwa kuyimfihlo kwezinhlelo zabo ze-IT nedatha. Ngokukhula kwenkimbinkimbi kwezindawo ze-IT kanye nesimo sobungozi esihlala sivela, izinhlangano kufanele zihlole ngokuqhubekayo futhi zilawule ubungozi obuhlobene nokusebenza kwazo kwe-IT.
Ukwengeza, ukucwaninga kwe-IT kusiza izinhlangano ukuthi zithobelane nemithetho namazinga embonini, njengeGeneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) kanye nePayment Card Industry Data Standard Standard (PCI DSS). Ukuthobela le mithetho kusiza ukuvikela idatha ebucayi futhi kuthuthukisa isithunzi senhlangano nokwethenjwa kwekhasimende.
Okokugcina, ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi kunikeza imininingwane ngempilo iyonke yengqalasizinda ye-IT yenhlangano. Ngokuhlonza izindawo zokwenza ngcono, izinhlangano zingathuthukisa izinhlelo zazo ze-IT, zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle, futhi ziqhubekisele phambili ukukhiqiza.
Izinjongo ezibalulekile zocwaningomabhuku lobuchwepheshe bolwazi
1. Ukuvikeleka Okuthuthukisiwe: Ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi kusiza ekuhlonzeni nasekubhekaneni sengozini yezokuvikela, kuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ebucayi ivikelekile ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe, ekuphulweni kwemithetho, nasekuhlaselweni kwe-inthanethi. Izinhlangano zinganciphisa ubungozi bokulahleka kwedatha kanye nokulimala ngokusebenzisa izilawuli ezidingekayo nezinyathelo zokuphepha.
2. Ukusebenza Okuthuthukisiwe: Ngokucwaningwa kwamabhuku e-IT, izinhlangano zingakwazi ukukhomba izindawo zokungasebenzi kahle, ziqondise izinqubo, futhi ziqede ukudayiswa. Izinhlangano zingonga isikhathi, zehlise izindleko, futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle ngokuthuthukisa izinhlelo ze-IT nokugeleza komsebenzi.
3. Ukulawulwa Kobungozi: Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT kuvumela izinhlangano ukuthi zihlole futhi zilawule ubungozi obuhambisana nengqalasizinda yazo ye-IT. Izinhlangano zinganciphisa ukuba nokwenzeka nomthelela wezehlakalo ngokuhlonza nokubhekana nezingozi ezingaba khona, ziqinisekise ukuqhubeka kwebhizinisi, nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwezezimali nesithunzi.
4. Ukuthobela kanye Nokuphatha: Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT kusiza izinhlangano ukuthi zihambisane nemithetho yemboni, izidingo zomthetho, nezinqubomgomo zangaphakathi. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho, izinhlangano zingagwema izinhlawulo, izinkinga zomthetho, nokulimala kwesithunzi.
5. Ukwenza Izinqumo Zamasu: Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT kunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile emandleni e-IT enhlangano, imikhawulo, kanye nezindawo ezingase zithuthukiswe. Ngokusebenzisa le mininingwane, izinhlangano zingenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-IT, ukwabiwa kwezinsiza, kanye nokuhlelwa kwamasu.
Izinyathelo Zenqubo Yokucwaninga Ubuchwepheshe Bolwazi
Izinjongo eziyinhloko zokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi zihlanganisa:
1. Ukuhlola Ukuphathwa Kwe-IT: Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT kuhlola ukusebenza kahle kohlaka lokuphatha lwe-IT lwenhlangano, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwe-IT kuhambisana nezinjongo zebhizinisi nokuthi ukulawulwa okwanele nezinqubo zikhona.
2. Ukuhlola Izilawuli Ze-IT: Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT kuhlola ukuklama nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezilawuli ze-IT, okuhlanganisa nezilawuli zokufinyelela, izinqubo zokushintsha zokulawula, nezinhlelo zokuhlenga izinhlekelele. Lokhu kusiza ekuboneni ukushiyeka kokulawula nokusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa okudingekayo.
3. Ukubona Izingozi Zokuvikeleka: Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT kuhlonza ubungozi bokuphepha kanye nobuthakathaka kungqalasizinda ye-IT yenhlangano, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo ezifanele zokuphepha zikhona ukuze zivikeleke ezinsongweni ze-cyber.
4. Ukuqinisekisa Ubuqotho Bedatha: Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT kuqinisekisa ukunemba, ukuphelela, nokuthembeka kwedatha egcinwe futhi yacutshungulwa ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo ze-IT zenhlangano, iqinisekisa ubuqotho nokuthembeka kwedatha.
5. Ukuhlola Ukwethembeka Kwesistimu: Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT kuhlola ukwethembeka nokutholakala kwezinhlelo ze-IT zenhlangano, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zingakwazi ukusekela imisebenzi yebhizinisi ngokuphumelelayo nangempumelelo.
Izinselelo ezijwayelekile ekucwaningweni kobuchwepheshe bolwazi
Inqubo yokucwaninga ubuchwepheshe bolwazi ngokuvamile ibandakanya lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
1. Ukuhlela: Kulesi sigaba, ububanzi nezinjongo zocwaningo lwe-IT ziyachazwa, futhi izinsiza ezidingekayo, amathuluzi, namasu ayahlonzwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda ingqalasizinda ye-IT yenhlangano, izinqubomgomo, nezinqubo.
2. Ukuhlolwa Kobungozi: Umcwaningimabhuku we-IT uhlola futhi ahlaziye ubungozi obungaba khona obuhlobene nokusebenza kwe-IT yenhlangano, okuhlanganisa ubungozi be-cybersecurity, ubungozi bokuthobela imithetho, nezingozi zokusebenza. Lokhu kusiza ukubeka phambili imisebenzi yocwaningo futhi kugxile ezindaweni ezinobungozi kakhulu.
3. Ukuqoqwa Kwedatha: Umcwaningimabhuku we-IT uqoqa idatha efanele, okuhlanganisa amadokhumenti, amalogi esistimu, namamethrikhi okusebenza. Le datha ihlinzeka ngemininingwane kuzilawuli ze-IT zenhlangano, izinqubo, kanye nempilo iyonke.
4. Ukuhlola Nokuhlola: Umcwaningi mabhuku we-IT wenza izivivinyo nokuhlola ukuze ahlole ukusebenza kahle nokwanela kokulawula kwe-IT. Lokhu kubandakanya ukubuyekeza ukucushwa kwesistimu, ukwenza ukuhlolwa kokuba sengozini, nokuhlola izinhlelo zokuhlenga izinhlekelele.
5. Ukubika: Umcwaningimabhuku we-IT ulungiselela umbiko ophelele oveza okutholakele, izincomo, kanye nezinyathelo zokulungisa. Lo mbiko wabelwe nababambiqhaza ababalulekile, okuhlanganisa abaphathi kanye namathimba e-IT, ukuze kube lula ukuthathwa kwezinqumo nokwenza.
6. Ukulandelela Nokuqapha: Ngemva kokucwaningwa kwamabhuku, umcwaningi mabhuku we-IT ulandelela ukusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa okunconyiwe futhi aqaphe inqubekelaphambili yenhlangano ekubhekaneni nezindaba ezihlonziwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo zokulungisa ziyathathwa futhi inhlangano iyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo kwe-IT.
Izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuhlola ulwazi lobuchwepheshe
Nakuba ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi kunikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile, kuphinde kwethule izinselele ezimbalwa izinhlangano ezingase zihlangabezane nazo. Lezi zinselelo zihlanganisa:
1. Ubunkimbinkimbi: Izindawo ze-IT zingaba inkimbinkimbi, zibe nezinhlelo eziningi ezixhumene, izinhlelo zokusebenza, namanethiwekhi. Ukuhlola izindawo ezinjalo kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, izakhiwo, nezinhlaka zokuphepha.
2. Intuthuko Esheshayo Yezobuchwepheshe: Ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka ngokushesha, bungenisa ubungozi obusha nezinselele. Abacwaningi mabhuku be-IT kumele bahlale benolwazi lwakamuva ngamathrendi akamuva, izinsongo, kanye nemikhuba engcono kakhulu yokuhlola nokubhekana nezingozi ezivelayo ngempumelelo.
3. Izinkinga Zensiza: Ukuqhuba ucwaningo olunzulu lwe-IT kudinga abasebenzi abanamakhono, amathuluzi, kanye nezinsiza. Izinhlangano zingase zibhekane nezinselele ekwabeni izinsiza ezanele kanye nesabelomali semisebenzi yocwaningo lwe-IT.
4. Ukuntuleka Kokuqwashisa Nokuqonda: Ezinye izinhlangano zingase zingakuqondi ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kanye nezinzuzo zokuhlolwa kwe-IT, okuholela ekuphikisweni noma ekusekelweni okwanele kwezinhlelo zokucwaninga.
5. Ukumelana Noshintsho: Ukuqalisa ukuthuthukiswa okunconyiwe okuhlonzwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-IT kungase kubhekane nokuphikiswa kwabasebenzi noma abaphathi abamelana noshintsho noma abangathandi ukutshala imali kubuchwepheshe obusha noma izinqubo.
Amathuluzi nobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ku ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukucwaningwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi obusebenzayo nobusebenzayo, izinhlangano kufanele zicabangele lezi zindlela ezihamba phambili ezilandelayo:
1. Ukuthuthukisa Uhlelo Oluphelele Lokucwaningwa Kwamabhuku: Uhlelo lokucwaningwa kwamabhuku olucaciswe kahle lusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izindawo ezifanele ziyahlanganiswa futhi inqubo yokucwaningwa kwamabhuku ihlelekile futhi ihlelekile.
2. Bandakanya Ababambiqhaza: Ukubandakanya ababambiqhaza ababalulekile, okuhlanganisa abaphathi, amaqembu e-IT, nabasebenzi, kulo lonke uhlelo lokucwaninga kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukwesekwa nokubambisana kwabo. Iphinde yenze kube lula ukuqonda kangcono indawo ye-IT yenhlangano nezinselelo.
3. Sebenzisa Amathuluzi Azenzakalelayo: Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi azenzakalelayo nobuchwepheshe, njengezikena zokuba sengozini, amathuluzi okuhlaziya amalogi, nezinhlelo zokuphatha ukuhlela, kungalula inqubo yokucwaninga futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle.
4. Landela Amazinga Nezinhlaka Zomkhakha: Ukubambelela kumazinga nezinhlaka eziqashelwa yimboni, njengeZinjongo Zokulawula Zolwazi Nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene (COBIT) kanye Namazinga Omhlaba Wonke Ezivumelwano ZokuQinisekisa (ISAE), zingahlinzeka ngendlela ehlelekile ekucwaningweni kwe-IT kanye qinisekisa ukuhambisana nezinqubo ezingcono kakhulu.
5. Ukuqapha Nokuhlola Ngokuqhubekayo: Ukuhlolwa kwe-IT akufanele kube kanye. Izinhlangano kufanele zisungule isiko eliqhubekayo lokuqapha nokuhlola, zihlale zihlola futhi zithuthukisa izilawuli nezinqubo zazo ze-IT.
Ukuqeqeshwa kanye nezitifiketi zabacwaningi mabhuku bezobuchwepheshe bolwazi
Abacwaningi mabhuku bezobuchwepheshe bolwazi basebenzisa amathuluzi nobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene ukuze bahlole, bahlaziye, bahlole izinhlelo ze-IT. Amanye amathuluzi asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka:
1. Amathuluzi Okuhlola Ukuba Sengozini: Lawa mathuluzi askena amasistimu e-IT ukuze athole ubungozi obaziwayo nobuthakathaka, asize ukukhomba ubungozi bokuphepha kanye nezindawo zokungena ezingaba khona zabahlaseli.
2. Amathuluzi Okuhlaziya Ilogi: Amathuluzi okuhlaziya ilogu ahlaziya amalogi esistimu nedatha yomcimbi ukuze athole okudidayo, imizamo yokufinyelela engagunyaziwe, nemisebenzi esolisayo. Basiza ukuhlonza izehlakalo zokuphepha kanye nokuphulwa okungenzeka.
3. Izinhlelo Zokuphatha Ukucushwa: Izinhlelo zokuphatha ukuhlela zisiza abacwaningi mabhuku be-IT balandelele futhi balawule izinguquko zokumisa. Baqinisekisa ukuthi ukucupha kuhlala kuhambisana futhi kuhambisana nezinqubomgomo nemihlahlandlela emisiwe.
4. Amathuluzi okuhlaziya idatha: Amathuluzi okuhlaziya idatha avumela abahloli bama-IT ukuthi bahlaziye umthamo omkhulu wedatha ukuze bakhombe amaphethini, amathrendi, nokudidayo. Basiza ukukhomba izindawo ezinobungozi, ukungasebenzi, noma ukungathobeli.
5. Izinhlelo Zokulawula Ukuthobela: Izinhlelo zokuphatha ukuthobelana zihlinzeka ngendawo eyodwa yokuqapha ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho yemboni kanye nezinqubomgomo zangaphakathi. Benza lula ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, ukulandelela, nokubika imisebenzi yokuthobela imithetho.
Isiphetho kanye nekusasa le ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi
Abantu bangaphishekela izinhlelo zokuqeqesha nezitifiketi ukuze babe nekhono ekucwaningweni kobuchwepheshe bolwazi. Ezinye zezitifiketi ezaziwa kabanzi emkhakheni wokuhlolwa kwe-IT zihlanganisa:
1. I-Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA): Sinikezwa yi-ISACA, isitifiketi se-CISA siqinisekisa ulwazi nobuchule bomuntu ekucwaningeni, ukulawula, nokuphepha kwe-IT.
2. Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP): Isitifiketi se-CISSP, esinikezwa yi-(ISC)², sigxile ekuphathweni kokuphepha kolwazi futhi sihlanganisa izihloko ezihlobene nokuhlolwa kwe-IT.
3. Umcwaningimabhuku Wangaphakathi Oqinisekisiwe (i-CIA): Isitifiketi se-CIA esinikezwa yi-Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) sihlanganisa izihloko ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kwe-IT.
4. Igunyazwe ku-Risk and Information Systems Control (CRISC): Ihlinzekwa yi-ISACA, isitifiketi se-CROSC sigxile ekulawuleni ubungozi futhi sihlanganisa izihloko ezihambisana nokuhlolwa kwe-IT.
Lezi zitifiketi zinikeza abantu ulwazi, amakhono, kanye nokwethembeka okudingekayo ukuze baphumelele ekucwaningweni kwe-IT.
