Amakhono Abalulekile Nezibopho Zochwepheshe Bosekelo Lwe-IT Kwembulwa
Emhlabeni wanamuhla othuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, amabhizinisi athembele kakhulu kumasistimu e-IT ukuze asebenze kahle. Ukusuka ekuxazululeni izinkinga ze-hardware ne-software kuya ekuqinisekiseni ukuxhumana okushelelayo kwenethiwekhi, indima ye uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT ubalulekile ekugcineni ukugeleza kokusebenza okungenazihibe. Kodwa yimaphi amakhono abalulekile kanye nezibopho eziza nale ndima? Kulesi sihloko, sembula izici ezibalulekile nemisebenzi echaza uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT ophumelelayo. Kusukela kumakhono akhethekile okuxazulula izinkinga kuya olwazini olujulile lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene, uchwepheshe wesimanje wosekelo lwe-IT ungumpetha wokuhweba. Lo muntu kufanele futhi abe namakhono amahle kakhulu okuxhumana njengoba evame ukudinga ukuxhumana nabasebenzisi bezobuchwepheshe nabangewona abezobuchwepheshe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT kufanele abe nolwazi oluphelele lwezinqubo ze-cybersecurity ukuze avikele ulwazi olubucayi futhi avikele ezinsongweni ezingaba khona. Njengoba sijula, sizodalula ubunkimbinkimbi balo msebenzi oshukumisayo, sinikeze imininingwane yokuthi yini edingekayo ukuze uphumelele ekusekelweni kwe-IT. Ngakho-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unguchwepheshe we-IT osafufusa noma ungumnikazi webhizinisi ofuna uchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe, hlala ulindile njengoba siqeda umhlaba wosekelo lwe-IT.
Amakhono obuchwepheshe adingekayo Kuchwepheshe Bokusekela I-IT
Amakhono okuxazulula izinkinga nokuxazulula izinkinga
Omunye wezibopho eziyinhloko zikachwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT ukuxazulula izinkinga nokuxazulula izinkinga zobuchwepheshe ezingase ziphakame ngaphakathi kwenhlangano. Lokhu kudinga amakhono akhethekile okuxazulula izinkinga kanye nendlela enengqondo yokuthola izixazululo. Noma ngabe ikhompyutha engasebenzi kahle, isiphazamisi sesofthiwe, noma inkinga yokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi, uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT kufanele abe namakhono okuxilonga nokuxazulula lezi zinkinga ngempumelelo nangempumelelo.
Ukuze aphumelele kule ndawo, uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT kufanele abe nekhono lokuhlonza umsuka wenkinga ngokuhlaziya izimpawu nokwenza uphenyo olunzulu. Kufanele baqonde ngokujulile izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxazulula izinkinga kanye nendlela ehlelekile yokuxazulula izinkinga. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlukanisa izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zibe izingxenye ezincane, ezilawulekayo kanye nokuhlola ngokuhlelekile izixazululo ezingaba khona kuze kutholakale isisombululo.
Ulwazi lwekhompiyutha yehadiwe nesoftware
Ngaphezu kwamakhono okuxazulula izinkinga, uchwepheshe wokwesekwa kwe-IT kufanele abe nolwazi olubanzi lwehadiwe yekhompyutha nesoftware. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwamakhompuyutha, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, amaseva, nezinye izisetshenziswa ezivame ukusetshenziswa endaweni yenhlangano. Kufanele bakwazi ukuhlonza nokushintsha izingxenye zehadiwe ezinephutha, bathuthukise izinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe, futhi benze imisebenzi yokulungisa evamile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchwepheshe wokwesekwa kwe-IT kumele ahlale enolwazi lwakamuva ngentuthuko yakamuva yezobuchwepheshe futhi ajwayelane nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene njengeWindows, macOS, neLinux. Lolu lwazi lubavumela ukuthi basize abasebenzisi ekuzulazuleni ukuxhumana kwesofthiwe, ukulungisa izilungiselelo, nokuxazulula izinkinga zokusebenzisana. Ngokuba nesisekelo sekhompiyutha esiqinile nesisekelo sesoftware, uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT angabhekana ngokuphumelelayo nokukhathazeka komsebenzisi futhi aqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo ze-IT.
Amakhono okuxhumana nokuqonda izivumelwano zenethiwekhi
Ulwazi oluqinile lwenethiwekhi lubalulekile kuchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT emhlabeni wanamuhla oxhumene. Ukuze uxazulule izinkinga zokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi nokuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okungaphazamiseki phakathi kwamadivayisi, kufanele aqonde ngokugcwele izimiso zenethiwekhi, njenge-TCP/IP, DNS, DHCP, ne-VPN.
Uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT kufanele abe nolwazi oluhle ekucupheni amarutha, amaswishi, nama-firewall ukuze kugcinwe ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi evikelekile nesebenzayo. Kufanele futhi babe namakhono okuxazulula izinkinga ezihlobene nenethiwekhi, njengesivinini esinesivinini se-inthanethi, ukunqamuka kwenethiwekhi, kanye nezinkinga zokuxhuma okungenantambo. Uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT angabhekana ngokuphumelelayo nokukhathazeka okuhlobene nenethiwekhi futhi athuthukise ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi ngokuqonda ngokujulile imiqondo yenethiwekhi.
Amakhono okuxazulula izinkinga nokuxazulula izinkinga
Elinye lamakhono ayisisekelo kachwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT yikhono lokuxazulula izinkinga nokuxazulula izinkinga ngendlela efanele. Amasistimu e-IT angahlangabezana nezinkinga ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekuphazamisekeni kwesofthiwe kuya ekuhlulekeni kwehadiwe. Uchwepheshe onekhono kufanele abe namakhono aqinile okuhlaziya ukuze abone umnyombo wenkinga futhi akhe izixazululo ezingokoqobo. Kufanele bahlole futhi baxazulule izinkinga ngokushesha, banciphise isikhathi sokuphumula futhi baqinisekise ukuhamba komsebenzi okungaphazamiseki. Ukwengeza, uchwepheshe wokwesekwa kwe-IT kufanele abe nendlela ehlelekile yokuxazulula izinkinga, asebenzise amathuluzi namasu okwenza lula inqubo yokuxazulula izinkinga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT kufanele abone ngokuqhubekayo izinkinga ezingaba khona futhi asebenzise nezinyathelo zokuvimbela. Amasistimu okuqapha kanye nokwenza ukunakekelwa okujwayelekile kungavimbela izinkinga ezincane ukuthi zikhule zibe ukuphazamiseka okukhulu. Ikhono labo lokucabanga ngokujulile futhi bathole izixazululo ezintsha libenza bahluke njengempahla eyigugu kunoma iyiphi inhlangano.
Ulwazi lwekhompiyutha yehadiwe nesoftware
Ukuqonda okuphelele kwezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha kanye nesofthiwe kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphumeleleni njengochwepheshe bokwesekwa kwe-IT. Kufanele bazi kahle ubunkimbinkimbi bezingxenye zekhompiyutha, okuhlanganisa amaprosesa, inkumbulo, izinto zokugcina izinto, nama-peripherals. Lolu lwazi lubenza bakwazi ukuhlonza ukwehluleka kwezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha, bashintshe izingxenye ezinephutha, futhi baqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu. Ukwengeza, uchwepheshe wokwesekwa kwe-IT kufanele abe nekhono ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, njengeWindows, macOS, neLinux. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi baxazulule izinkinga ezihlobene nesofthiwe, bafake futhi balungiselele izinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe, futhi banikeze usizo lobuchwepheshe kubasebenzisi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchwepheshe wokwesekwa kwe-IT kufanele ahlale ekhona ngokuqhubekayo nokuthuthuka komkhakha. Imvelo ehlala iguquguquka yobuchwepheshe idinga ukuqhubeka nokufunda kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono. Ngokuhlala wazi ngobuchwepheshe obusafufusa nezibuyekezo zesofthiwe, ochwepheshe bosekelo lwe-IT bangakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokushesha futhi banikeze izisombululo ezisebenza kahle ezidingweni zabasebenzisi.
Amakhono okuxhumana nokuqonda izivumelwano zenethiwekhi
Emhlabeni wanamuhla oxhumene, amakhono okuxhumana abalulekile kuchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT. Kufanele baqonde ngokugcwele izimiso zenethiwekhi, njenge-TCP/IP, i-DNS, i-DHCP, ne-VPN. Lolu lwazi lubenza bakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuxhuma kunethiwekhi, balungise amarutha namaswishi, futhi baqinisekise ukuxhumana okungenazihibe phakathi kwamadivayisi. Uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT onekhono kufanele futhi akwazi ukumisa nokuphatha amanethiwekhi endawo (ama-LAN) namanethiwekhi endawo ebanzi (ama-WAN), aqinisekise ukudluliswa kwedatha okuthembekile nokuvikelekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT kufanele ajwayelane nezinqubo zokuphepha zenethiwekhi, okuhlanganisa izindonga zomlilo, amasistimu okuthola ukungena, kanye nezivumelwano zokubethela. Lolu lwazi lubavumela ukuthi bakhombe futhi banciphise ubungozi benethiwekhi obungaba khona, ukuvikela idatha ebucayi ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe. Ukusebenzisa izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha zenethiwekhi, ochwepheshe be-IT abasekela izinhlangano bavikela izinhlangano ekusongweni kwe-inthanethi kanye nokuphulwa kwedatha okungenzeka.
Isevisi yamakhasimende namakhono okuxhumana
Isevisi yamakhasimende enhle kakhulu namakhono okuxhumana abalulekile kuchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT. Bavame ukusebenzisana nabasebenzisi bezobuchwepheshe nabangewona abezobuchwepheshe, okudinga ikhono lokuchaza imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokucacile nangokufingqiwe. Ukubekezela, uzwela, nokulalela ngenkuthalo yizimfanelo ezibalulekile ezibenza baqonde izindaba zabasebenzisi futhi banikeze izisombululo ezisebenzayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchwepheshe wokwesekwa kwe-IT kufanele abe nekhono ekuxhumaneni okubhaliwe, njengoba kungase kudingeke babhale izinqubo zobuchwepheshe, benze amamanyuwali abasebenzisi, noma baphendule amathikithi okusekela nge-imeyili. Amakhono okuxhumana abhaliwe aqinile aqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe ludluliswa ngokunembile nangokuphelele. Ukwengeza, amakhono amahle okusebenzelana nabantu abenza bakwazi ukwakha ubuhlobo nabasebenzisi, akhuthaze ubudlelwano obuhle nokudala indawo ye-IT esekelayo.
Ukuphathwa kwesikhathi namakhono wenhlangano
Ezweni elisheshayo lokusekelwa kwe-IT, ukuphathwa kwesikhathi namakhono enhlangano kubalulekile ukuze uphumelele. Ochwepheshe bosekelo lwe-IT bavamise ukuphatha imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ebadinga ukuthi babeke phambili futhi baphathe umthwalo wabo ngempumelelo. Kufanele bakwazi ukuhlola ukuphuthuma komsebenzi ngamunye futhi babele izinsiza ngokufanele, baqinisekise ukuthi izindaba ezibucayi zixazululwa ngokushesha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT kufanele abe namakhono aqinile enhlangano ukuze agcine imibhalo, alandelele izicelo zosekelo, futhi agcine amarekhodi anembile okucushwa kwesistimu. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukubuyisa ulwazi ngokushesha, benze lula izinqubo, futhi banikeze ukusekela okuphumelelayo. Ngokuhlala uhlelekile, ochwepheshe bosekelo lwe-IT bangathuthukisa ukukhiqiza kwabo futhi balethe isevisi ehlukile kubasebenzisi.
Ukuphepha nezibopho zokuvikela idatha
Enkathini lapho izinsongo ze-cybersecurity zidlangile, uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT ubalulekile ekuvikeleni ulwazi olubucayi kanye nokuvikela ekwephuleni okungase kube khona. Kufanele babe nokuqonda okujulile kwezinqubo ze-cybersecurity futhi bakwazi ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuphepha ezifanele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulondoloza isofthiwe ye-antivirus esesikhathini samanje kanye ne-anti-malware, ukwenza ukuhlolwa kokuphepha okuvamile, nokufundisa abasebenzisi ngemikhuba yokuphequlula ephephile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT kufanele azi kahle imithetho yokuvikela idatha, efana neGeneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi idatha iphathwa futhi igcinwa ngokuphephile, isebenzisa izilawuli zokubethela nokufinyelela lapho kudingeka. Ngokubeka phambili ukuphepha nokuvikelwa kwedatha, ochwepheshe bosekelo lwe-IT banikela ekuthembekeni nasekuthembekeni kwenhlangano.
Ukufunda okuqhubekayo nokuhlala unolwazi lwakamuva ngamathrendi embonini
Umkhakha wosekelo lwe-IT uhlala uvela, ngobuchwepheshe obusha nentuthuko evela njalo. Ukuze uphumelele kulo msebenzi onamandla, uchwepheshe wosekelo lwe-IT kufanele amukele ukufunda okuqhubekayo futhi ahlale enolwazi lwakamuva mayelana nokuthambekela komkhakha. Kufanele bafune ngenkuthalo amathuba okuthuthukiswa kochwepheshe, njengamasemina, ama-workshops, nezinkomfa zezimboni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsiza eziku-inthanethi, izinkundla, nemiphakathi inikeza izinkundla ezibalulekile I-IT isekela ochwepheshe ukuze bandise ulwazi lwabo futhi babelane ngolwazi nontanga. Banganikeza izixazululo ezintsha futhi bazivumelanise nezimo ezishintshayo zabasebenzisi ngokuhlala benolwazi lwakamuva ngamathuluzi nezindlela zakamuva. Ukufunda okuqhubekayo kuthuthukisa amakhono abo obuchwepheshe futhi kukhombisa ukuzibophezela ekuqeqesheni nasekukhuleni.
